A Nonscale Growth Model with R&D and Human Capital Accumulation

This paper presents an endogenous growth model that includes research and development and human capital accumulation. The model’s specification builds on the R&D-based structure of Romer’s [1990] model and introduces two functions: (1) A specification for the production of new designs that assumes no externalities and no inventions before time zero; and (2) A specification for the accumulation of human capital technically similar to that in Lucas [1988]. The model displays two main results. The first is that it eliminates the scale-effects prediction which is common to most R&D-based growth models, but which is not empirically supported. Secondly, the model offers a new prediction that growth depends positively on the ratio of final-good workers to researchers. Thus the model provides a theoretical explanation as to why developed countries have had rising numbers of researchers but not rising growth rates in the twentieth century.endogenous growth; research and development; human capital accumulation; scale-effects prediction; final-good workers to researchers ratio.

Complementarities, Costly Investment and Multiple Equilibria in a One-Sector Endogenous Growth Model

In this paper we develop a multiple equilibria one-sector R&D-based growth model, in which the key aspects are the assumption of complementarities between capital goods in the production function and the assumption of costly investment in capital. This second assumption is new to the R&D-based literature. The equilibrium solutions are obtained when the Preferences curve, which mirrors consumers’ savings decisions, and the Technology curve, which represents equilibria on the production side, cross. The combination of the two key assumptions produces a non-linear Technology curve, which consequently crosses the Preferences curve more than once, thus generating multiple equilibria. A numerical solutions exercise obtains two equilibria. Application of the stability under learning criterion allows for the identification of the two equilibria as stable. Expectations can lead the economy to either the equilibrium characterised by high-growth and high-interest rates, or to the equilibrium characterised by low-growth and low-interest rates. Hence, with this model, we wish to contribute to endogenous growth literature by providing a mechanism to explain how an economy can experience multiple equilibria situations.Growth, R&D, complementarities, costly investment, multiple equilibria.

A nonscale growth model with R&D and human capital accumulation

This paper aims to contribute to the new growth theory with a model in which the engine of growth is human capital growth. Building on Romer's [1990] model, two new functions are introduced: (1) a specification for the production of new designs that assumes no externalities and no inventions before time zero; and (2) A specification for the accumulation of human capital technically similar to that in Lucas [1988]. As opposed to Romer's model, the scale-effects prediction is eliminated because technological growth does not depend on the number of researchers, but instead on the rate of growth of human capital. Moreover, the model introduced carries a new prediction: Growth depends positively on the ratio of final-good workers to researchers

Imagem Pública, Marketing e Comunicação Institucional: Uma Abordagem Sociológica de Três Conceitos Empresariais

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão sociológica e crítica sobre conceitos/práticas habitualmente tratados no âmbito das ciências empresariais – ‘imagem pública’, ‘marketing’ e ‘comunicação institucional’ – e que dizem respeito à gestão das relações que as organizações mantêm com os seus públicos. A análise desenvolvida questiona as dicotomias convencionais de público/privado, economia/cultura, material/simbólico e empresarial/institucional, procurando compreender como estes campos são transformados através da reflexividade generalizada – cognitiva e estética – das sociedades contemporâneas. A questão central do argumento que se segue é a relação cada vez mais intensa, no cenário actual, entre a gestão de relações económicas e a gestão de relações simbólicas e culturais. A questão de partida é a reconsideração da dualidade entre ciências sociais e ciências empresariais no quadro dos estudos sobre comunicação. Seguidamente, aqueles três conceitos serão pensados, do ponto de vista sociológico:as imagens públicas como representações da sociedade espectadora, o marketing como técnica de gestão do social e, mais especificamente, a comunicação institucional como gestão empresarial dos mercados simbólicos

Media e sua viabilização pelo mercado: uma reflexão crítica sobre audiências e públicos

Este breve artigo dá conta de algumas reflexões sobre a viabilização financeira de media audiovisuais: televisão e rádio. Tem particularmente em vista projectos orientados por valores não mercantis: valores sociais, culturais ou artísticos. Num primeiro momento, questiona-se criticamente o conceito de ‘audiència’. Num segundo momento, sugere-se que os receptores de media sejam encarados, não como um conjunto de indivíduos atomizados e passivos, mas como públicos com capacidade de acção na viabilização dos projectos mediáticos que lhes interessam. Num primeiro momento colocaremos um conjunto de questões com as quais pretendemos reflectir sobre os limites e deficiências do conceito que está na base do sistema de financiamento de rádio e televisão preponderante nos nossos dias. Isto é, questionaremos criticamente o conceito de "audiências". Num segundo momento sugerimos a necessidade de os "receptores" de media serem encarados, não como um conjunto de indivíduos atomizados e passivos, mas como públicos com capacidade de acção na viabilização dos projectos mediáticos que lhes interessem. A questão da viabilização dos projectos é a da viabilização pelo mercado, pelo que não consideraremos a questão dos financiamentos estatais, com a qual seríamos remetidos para outras problemáticas - do papel do Estado em relação à cultura, da definição de serviço público de televisão ou rádio, etc. (ainda que estas problemáticas estejam em relação com as que aqui colocamos)

Complementarities, costly investment and multiple equilibria in a one-sector endogenous growth model

In this paper we develop a multiple equilibria one-sector R&D-based growth model, in which the key aspects are the assumption of complementarities between capital goods in the production function and the assumption of costly investment in capital. This second assumption is new to the R&D-based literature. The equilibrium solutions are obtained when the Preferences curve, which mirrors consumers’ savings decisions, and the Technology curve, which represents equilibria on the production side, cross. The combination of the two key assumptions produces a non-linear Technology curve, which consequently crosses the Preferences curve more than once, thus generating multiple equilibria. A numerical solutions exercise obtains two equilibria. Application of the stability under learning criterion allows for the identification of the two equilibria as stable. Expectations can lead the economy to either the equilibrium characterised by high-growth and high-interest rates, or to the equilibrium characterised by low-growth and low-interest rates. Hence, with this model, we wish to contribute to endogenous growth literature by providing a mechanism to explain how an economy can experience multiple equilibria situations

A Nonscale growth model with R&D and human capital accumulation

This paper presents an endogenous growth model that includes research and development and human capital accumulation. The model’s specification builds on the R&D-based structure of Romer’s [1990] model and introduces two functions: (1) A specification for the production of new designs that assumes no externalities and no inventions before time zero; and (2) A specification for the accumulation of human capital technically similar to that in Lucas [1988]. The model displays two main results. The first is that it eliminates the scale-effects prediction which is common to most R&D-based growth models, but which is not empirically supported. Secondly, the model offers a new prediction that growth depends positively on the ratio of final-good workers to researchers. Thus the model provides a theoretical explanation as to why developed countries have had rising numbers of researchers but not rising growth rates in the twentieth century.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - (FCT)

Social capital, innovation and economic growth

Multidisciplinary innovation is the engine of growth of an increasing number of economies. Innovation output depends increasingly on information sharing and cooperation between creative agents. Sharing and cooperation requires the existence of generalised trust. Social capital consists of trust and trust-based networks. Our main goal is to illustrate theoretically the importance of social capital to the growth of an innovation economy.COMPETE, QREN, FEDER, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Endogenous Growth: Analytical Review of its Generating Mechanisms

This paper consists of an analytical review of the most relevant endogenous growth models. The objective of this literature review is to discuss analytically and understand, in an integrated form, the main mechanisms, identified in the existing literature, that generate endogenous growth. Endogenous or new growth theory has, so far, produced three main types of mechanisms through which endogenous sustained positive economic growth is made possible. One strategy brings a theory of innovations or R&D into the growth model. In this type of model, endogenously determined technological progress is the engine of economic growth. The second mechanism delivers sustained positive growth through the introduction of an endogenously determined accumulation of human capital. In this kind of model, the source of long-run per-capita growth is human capital accumulation. And a third way to obtain endogenous growth is simply to abandon one of the standard assumptions of the neoclassical model, more precisely the assumption of diminishing returns to capital.non-diminishing returns to capital; endogenous growth; research and development (R&D); human capital accumulation; Inada conditions.

A Growth Model for the Quadruple Helix Innovation Theory

We propose a theoretical growth model with which to frame analytically the Quadruple Helix Innovation Theory (QHIT). The aim is to emphasise the investment in innovation transmission mechanisms in terms of economic growth and productivity gains, in one-high-technology sector, by stressing the role played by the helices of the Quadruple Helix Innovation Model: Academiaand Technological Infrastructures, Firms of Innovation, Government and Civil Society. In the existing literature, the relationship between the helices and respective impacts on economic growth does not appear clear. Results are fragiledue to data weakness and the inexistence of a theoretical framework to specify the relationship between the helices. Hence our motivation for providing the QHIT with a theoretical growth model. Our intent is to model the importance of emerging, dynamically adaptive, and transdisciplinary knowledge and innovation ecosystems to economic growth. We .nd that higher economic growth rate is obtained as a result of an increase in synergies and complementarities between different productive units, or an incease in productive government expenditure.Economic Growth; Quadruple Helix Innovation Model; Innovation Ecosystems.